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Synopsis of Appletons’ 
Universal Cyclopaedia 
and Atlas 

and the 

ART OF SELLING 



William T. Dickerson 


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" Knowledge is of two kinds : we either know 
a subject ourselves, or we know where we can 
find information on it *"—SAMUEL JOHNSON. 


Copyrighted, 1902, by 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK 





















/ 



THE ART OF SELLING. 


Introduction. 

I N this circular of suggestions it is not my desire to put 
words into the agents’ mouths, but rather to explain 
what to talk about, and how to talk about it. 

In selling books, especially a Cyclopaedia, the “ parrot 
canvasser” can meet with but little success. There is 
some virtue in the theory that requires an agent to mem¬ 
orize a canvass, the chief value of this method being that 
it increases the agent’s knowledge of his book. It is bet¬ 
ter, however, to economize the facts in the canvass, con¬ 
stantly adding the new facts discovered by you in the work. 
The stories of having the door shut in the agent’s face, and 
a positive refusal to examine a book, are confined largely to 
the inferior class of agents, whose preparation has been so 
insufficient that it was apparent to the customer at a glance. 
But few words are necessary in introducing a Cyclopaedia, 
and these should be simple, and candidly spoken to the 
point. 

A successful agent must be thoroughly conversant with 
his book; have honest convictions of its merit and enthusi- 

3 




asm gained by the knowledge that he is selling the best 
work of its kind; and believe that he is giving value re¬ 
ceived and know how to prove it. 

Begin Right. 

Thoroughly familiarize yourself with your prospectus. 
It is for this reason that we have inserted leaves, in the 
front part of the same, containing general principal facts 
about the work. You may very seldom have occasion to 
use all the information, but knowing it, you have con¬ 
stantly at your command interesting details in connection 
with the work to explain to your customer. 

Topical Method of Selling. 

It is a waste of energy to jump from one topic to an¬ 
other without dwelling enough on any one subject to 
make an impression. Confine yourself to one topic at 
a time, thus availing yourself of the power of concentra¬ 
tion on the customer’s part as well as your own. This 
method is new, and will be found agreeable to the cus¬ 
tomer, who rather expected the humdrum, cut-and-dried 
speech of the ordinary canvasser. If possible, discover a 
subject that is a hobby with him and dwell on that. 

In the old method of canvassing—viz., opening a 
prospectus, commencing at the first leaf and turning leaf 
after leaf—your customer immediately, seeing a large pro¬ 
spectus, loses all interest, thinking of the amount of his 
time you will require, grows impatient and possibly irri- 
4 


table, therefore he is not in a frame of mind to interest 
himself in your work ; whereas, the important point is to 
awaken curiosity, and then to create an interest on the 
part of your customer in the book you are selling. 

A better way is to open up a conversation on some 
subject—possibly a topic of recent interest and at present 
discussed by the press. Your customer at once becomes 
interested and anxious for information, and does not feel 
that you have set in for an all-day talk. 

The successful salesman endeavors to avoid creating 
the impression that he is a polished book agent, or that he 
is delivering a set speech or has a methodical cut-and-dried 
plan of selling books. On the other hand, he will make 
his customer feel that he is speaking from experience, and 
on the firm conviction of the great use and necessity of a 
Cyclopaedia. 

The more completely you can sink your identity as a 
book agent the more effective will be your argument on 
your customer, and the less will he dispute your nice points 
on the ground of their being the “song of the book 
agent.” 

In adopting the topical system of canvassing, you in¬ 
terest your customer in the subject—if you have succeeded 
in selecting the one suited to him—without his becoming 
aware of the fact that you are awakening in him a desire 
to own the Cyclopaedia. Use diplomacy and tact. Never 
presume to teach your customer anything, but recount 
facts about your book in such a way that he may gradually 

5 


/ 


recognize the great need to him of such a work, thus 
inciting his ambition to own a Cyclopaedia. 

At no time should you allow your customer’s interest 
to lag for an instant. Keep his mind and your own con¬ 
centrated on the prospectus. Avoid criticising any books 
your customer may have previously purchased. In all 
cases tell him that he has used excellent judgment in the 
selection of his library, and remind him that the founda¬ 
tion of every library is the Cyclopaedia. 

How to Gain an Audience. 

If you are canvassing through the aid of a newspaper, 
always present your card—for example : “ Mr. Jones, 
representing The New York Mail The customer im¬ 
mediately is curious to know the business upon which you 
have called ; then, in an easy manner, say, “ Good morn¬ 
ing, Mr. Blank; I represent The New York Mail Cyclo¬ 
paedia Club ; as you know our paper has always taken a 
great interest in education. At an enormous expense we 
have secured a special edition of the * Universal Cyclo¬ 
paedia and Atlas,’ published by the great house of D. Ap¬ 
pleton and Company. To a few of the prominent people 
in the city we are prepared to make an exceptional offer, 
for a double purpose : first, to introduce Appletons’ new 
Cyclopaedia ; secondly, to increase the circulation of our 
paper. As you are aware, the advertising depends upon 
circulation, and we have taken this means of making new 
subscribers. We can now supply you with the greatest 
6 


reference library in the English language at a saving of 25 
per cent., and I find that the better class of people are 
wonderfully interested in this proposition.” 

Stating the Price. 

In quoting the price of the Cyclopaedia always men¬ 
tion the price of the cloth binding, and lay great stress 
upon the fact that purchasing at once and through this 
special medium this great saving can be made. When 
your customer has decided to order them, say : “ The cloth 
binding is very serviceable, and splendidly bound. Ap- 
pletons’ house, as you know, has always been noted for 
their bindings, but of course as a great reference work of 
this kind will be constantly used by every member of the 
family for the next twenty years, perhaps it is advisable 
to buy the half-morocco binding, and it is only a case of 
making your payments a few months longer ; but please 
yourself, although the School Boards and Libraries inva¬ 
riably order the half-morocco binding on account of the 
great amount of hard wear a cyclopaedia is subjected to.” 
Don’t press the half-morocco binding too hard. A 
number of sales are lost by salesmen being too persistent 
on a high-priced binding, whereas the customer would 
have bought the cheaper binding; but from the salesman 
giving the impression that cloth binding is not very ser¬ 
viceable, etc., the customer concludes that half-morocco 
is more money than he can afford, or that he wishes to 
spend, and concludes not to buy at present. Therefore 
7 


be very careful on this point of your canvass or you will 
lose a number of sales. 

Speak Correctly. 

In using the names of Sciences, Countries, or Authors 
be careful, and do not be guilty of mispronunciation. 
You may be obliged to mention a name unfamiliar to you, 
but a second mistake is inexcusable, and the greatest care 
should be used to become familiar with correct pronunci¬ 
ations. Error in pronunciation betrays your ignorance 
and creates a certain amount of disgust and distrust on the 
part of your customer in everything you have said regard¬ 
ing your work; and as the first principle in selling books 
or any merchandise is to gain your customer’s confidence, 
not only in yourself, but in what you say of your work, 
it would be almost impossible to take an order if such an 
error should occur. 

Important Parts ol Selling. 

Thoroughly familiarize yourself with all up-to-date 
subjects, such as Liquid Air, Motor Carriages, Acetylene 
Gas, Wireless Telegraphy, etc., and also prove the ne¬ 
cessity of a cyclopaedia by running through the Census 
Table, using those subjects that appeal most strongly to 
you. These matters you will always find very interesting 
to your customer, and to bring to him very strongly the 
necessity for owning a good reference work. 

Instead of giving the impression of an instructor by 

8 


saying, 4 ‘This teaches you how acetylene gas is made,” 
etc., always use the words, “This describes,” etc. 
Never for a moment assume the air of an instructor. 

It is the practice of this sort of diplomacy that will pro¬ 
duce results in bookselling and will always make your can¬ 
vass congenial, polite, and interesting, and aid you toward 
success in your business. Necessarily the canvass requires 
strict attention, sincerity, and earnestness. This is what 
gives it power, and if you devote yourself entirely to your 
work you will find it a pleasure to follow out the plan that 
will strengthen your ability and lead you on to success. 

Importance of the Atlas. 

The most valuable adjunct to a cyclopaedia is a 
good atlas. In Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and 
Atlas you will find the maps distributed throughout the 
work in their proper places. Political and geographical 
maps are of great importance and value, illustrating the 
height of the land, the depth of the sea, the growth of 
civilization, the increase of races and religions ; and in 
studying these more can be learned and retained than by 
reading dozens of pages on the same subjects. 

Our ability for remembering facts greatly depends 
upon the conditions under which we learn them, and as 
illustrations always appeal to the sight as well as the mind, 
learning obtained in this manner is generally retained ; 
for instance, take the maps United States and Posses¬ 
sions. You have illustrated before you the original thir- 
9 


teen States, when and how each of the other States were 
acquired—whether by purchase, conquest, or treaty— 
also all the colonies of the United States. The same 
applies to all statistical maps. You must make one or 
two distinct points by showing by the illustration the 
great value of a good atlas, and that in having the maps 
distributed throughout the work each map is found with 
the subject-matter pertaining thereto. The map of 
Pekin—at a glance you have before you the plan of oper¬ 
ation adopted by all the countries in the recent Chinese 
trouble, the map itself describing and explaining more 
than could ordinarily be written in twenty pages of text. 

Illustrations. 

Pictures are frequently looked upon and considered 
merely in the light of ornaments, something to amuse, but 
not in the spirit in which they are made, to aid in the inter¬ 
pretation of the text. To impress your customer with the 
illustrative importance and value, giving a demonstration 
and the facts connected with them, for this purpose study 
well those illustrations in your prospectus that appeal 
most strongly to you—for example, the illustration of 
American food fishes—and thoroughly familiarize yourself 
with the subject so that you will be able to talk interest¬ 
ingly upon its importance. 

Testimonials. 

Testimonials, if properly used, are of great benefit, 
but great care should be used. The old method of an 


io 


agent running over a list of names of influential men 
who have bought is a great mistake. While it is a 
fact that human nature is greatly influenced by the actions 
of others, yet at the same time it is true that human na¬ 
ture also wishes to conceal the fact that he is influenced 
by the actions of others, and it is a mistake for an agent 
to attempt to force a customer into buying simply because 
another, or many others, have bought. This can be 
avoided by, from time to time, in making your canvass, 
alluding to the names of certain subscribers by saying, 
“ Mr. Blank wrote the house that he considered the article 
so and so the most complete'he had seen;” that the 
New York Tribune in their testimonial said “our maps 
were the best they had yet seen;” that Melvil 
Dewey, the Librarian of the State of New York, said he 
had had the Cyclopaedia examined by twelve experts 
and proclaimed it by far the best reference work pub¬ 
lished. Testimonials used in this manner will be found 
of great assistance in selling the Cyclopaedia. And it is 
scarcely necessary to add that the agent must be thor¬ 
oughly familiar with all testimonials. 

Procrastination. 

It is human nature to put off until to-morrow what 
should be done to-day, and this possibly applies more to 
buying books than to anything else. You will find most 
men interested in a new cyclopaedia—more so than in any 
other set of books—therefore your one aim must be to con- 


vince him that it is necessary for him to buy at once, using 
arguments like the following : “ Why, Mr. Blank, you 
cannot afford to be without a cyclopaedia ; it is a very 
rare case to-day to find a professional or business man 
without such a work of reference. You say you can’t 
afford it ? I ask you. Can you afford to be without it for 
the mere cost of ten cents a day ? It is a complete col¬ 
lege education, and if you paid ten cents a day for the 
use of them it would be a great investment for you. 
Every day you are without such a valuable reference 
work as Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas 
you are at a disadvantage. You are unjust to yourself. 
Mr. Blank, have you ever seen the time since you com¬ 
menced business that you could not afford ten cents a 
day ? Well, you don’t believe you are going backward ; 
surely you can easily pay ten cents a day. Here, sign 
an application and own and use the greatest reference 
library in the English language.” 

To Sell. 

I believe that more orders are lost through a prolonged 
canvass than from any other one cause. Watch your 
customer, and immediately you find that you have his 
entire attention, and that you have convinced and con¬ 
verted, at that moment show him your bindings, and say, 
“What binding do you prefer?” Your customer (if 
you have selected the right moment) will make a selection 
and say, “Well, if I bought I’d take this one.” At 


2 


once take out your contract and begin filling it in. Your 
customer will probably say, “I’ve not decided to buy 
yet,” to which you can reply, “ Why, Mr. Blank, you 
will certainly take advantage of this offer, for it is more 
difficult to-day to find a nice home without a cyclopaedia 
than it is to sell one. You know the house of D. Ap¬ 
pleton and Company, and you are satisfied that it is the 
best Cyclopaedia, and at a cost of ten cents a day you 
surely won’t deny yourself this necessity.” 

Faultfinding. 

It is safe to say that one-half of those that purchase, 
before they do so, make a great number of objections and 
find fault. This is a sure indication that they are inter¬ 
ested. The experienced agent knows that the man who 
immediately praises his book seldom buys it. The critic 
is the buyer. So meet all faultfinding or objections po¬ 
litely and pleasantly. Skilfully get back to your canvass, 
and with all your energy and enthusiasm sum up all the 
strong points of your canvass. Do this so thoroughly 
that the merits of the Cyclopaedia will appeal so strongly 
to your customer that he cannot find an excuse for not 
purchasing. These are the features that finally land 
you the order. Do not be disturbed, but rather encour¬ 
aged, by 

The Violent Man. 

Occasionally you may meet a man who expresses him¬ 
self forcefully, perhaps violently, or even profanely, about 
13 


the extortions of publishers, the worthlessness of their 
books, the annoyance and persistence of canvassers, etc. 
Such a man is a very easy subject if properly handled. 
Encourage him to express himself fully and freely, and 
then make your most vigorous and enthusiastic canvass. 
The philosophy of his case is this : he assumes a brusque 
manner, because he knows his own weakness. When 
successfully reached you will find him well-disposed and 
particularly pliable when you once get down to the pres¬ 
entation of your books and their merits. 

The Dignified Man. 

Occasionally you will meet a man who reminds you 
that he knows about what he wants in the way of books, 
that he keeps up his library according to his own judgment, 
and that his time is too valuable to give to agents, etc. 
A good way to meet such a man is to remind him that 
you did not come to make a social call, but on business, 
and that you really believe that what you have to offer 
will interest him. 


For the Children. 

If your customer has children, convince him of the 
importance to them of a cyclopaedia and the assistance 
it will render them in their school studies. Explain the 
advantage of a ready reference work, treating fully upon 
every subject known to man, and supplying all possible 
H 


information—in fact a “college education in the home.” 
As soon as you have convinced him and created a desire 
on his part for a Cyclopaedia, convert him to the belief 
that Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas is the 
best on the market. It is the best. 

Unassisted Selling. 

A method adopted by one of the most successful 
agents in the book business, and which will always suc¬ 
ceed in canvassing small towns, is the following : 

First, form the acquaintance of the Bishop of the 
diocese, if possible, and obtain his order for the Cyclo¬ 
paedia. The next move is to see the clergyman of the 
same diocese; interview him in the following manner 
(Present a card with simply your name upon it. This 
arouses his curiosity and obtains the desired interview): 
“Good morning, Mr.-. I had the pleasure of spend¬ 

ing an hour or two with your Bishop yesterday, and he ex¬ 
pressed the wish that I should call and see you regarding 
our new Cyclopaedia, which the Bishop thinks would 
greatly interest you. D. Appleton and Company, the 
publishers, are also anxious for your opinion on the article 
‘Episcopal Church.’ ” Then discuss this article with 
him, and continue your canvass as your judgment dictates. 
By this method you have made your customer feel that he 
is of great importance. He is flattered with the attention 
you have shown him, and you will generally succeed in 
getting his order, also his testimonial, and possibly an in- 
15 



troduction to one or more influential people. This will 
give you a good footing for thoroughly canvassing the 
town. 

The above method can be used not only with clergy¬ 
men, but in connection with any other professional or 
business men. 

Evening Work. 

Many agents ignore the importance of after-dinner 
work. It is the writer’s experience that, where <( call¬ 
backs ’ ’ are to be made, better results are obtained by 
seeing your customer after he has dined than at any 
other time. First, he is free from the cares of his busi¬ 
ness. Second, he has dined, and feels in a receptive 
mood. Third, you can more easily convince him of 
the need of a cyclopaedia in his home, and this argument 
is more forcible at his home than at any other place. If 
your former interview has been a progressive one, he will 
receive you cordially, and you will be able to concentrate 
his thoughts and your own directly on the work. Many 
business men who are severe and almost unapproachable 
in their places of business soften down to social affability 
when seen in their homes. 

Possibilities of Bookselling. 

A canvasser visited Fishkill Landing on the Hudson. 
Directly opposite the hotel was a marble-yard. Seeing 
the proprietor in his office he called upon him. He rid- 
16 


iculed the idea of any one buying books in Fishkill Land¬ 
ing, saying : “The people have all the books they want. 
I can tell you every man that lives here, and those who 
buy books are already supplied. The book business has 
been drummed to death. Book agents have hounded the 
lives out of people in this town. You cannot find a man 
who will buy the Cyclopaedia/’ 

The canvasser answered : “ You have a yard packed 
with slabs of marble. Whom do you expect to sell to ? 
Can you mention the name of any one man in this town 
who will buy your marble?” He answered: “No, 
but each year I fill my yard with marble and sell it.” 
“ How do you reason,” said the canvasser, “ that, with¬ 
out present prospects, you can sell marble, and under 
the same conditions I cannot sell books. My firm, D. 
Appleton and Company, publish over a million dollars* 
worth of books each year. We don’t know just who will 
buy them, but we do know that we sell them ; therefore, 
I think that the marble and book businesses are very sim¬ 
ilar, the only difference being that in your goods a 
demand is created by necessity, and with my goods a 
demand is brought about by creating a desire.” 

After a stay of three weeks in the town he again 
called on the marble-dealer, and showed him a number 
of orders and also sold him the Cyclopaedia. He agreed 
that, after all, business was largely done by precedent. 

Realize for a moment that there are thousands of 
people employed in making books and millions of dollars 
17 


of capital invested in the enterprise ; that every home 
contains books—some a few, some a great many ; but 
everybody buys books. 

Concentration and Persistency. 

It can be truthfully stated that an agent never gradu¬ 
ates from the book business. There is possibly no calling 
that affords so many opportunities to study human nature 
as that of the book agent. Assuming that he is observ¬ 
ing, he will learn facts connected with the books he is 
selling from almost every customer he canvasses. The 
successful agent concentrates his mind upon the ONE 
publication that he is selling. The cause of failure of 
many agents is that they attempt to sell three or four 
publications at the same time. This method has but one 
ending— ; failure . 

Persistency. 

The advice given the writer when he first started to 
canvass was this : “ If you work all day and get a sale, 
go home whistling ; if you get five sales you will surely 
whistle ; but if you make no sale—whistle just the same.” 
Don’t become discouraged, work regularly and system¬ 
atically, and you will find that at the end of the month 
your aggregate sales will make a good showing. If you 
make five sales the first day, don’t loaf the next, for the 
following day you may get none. Work industriously, 
and success is assured. 


8 


Warning. 

Be conservative in your conversation, avoid exaggera¬ 
tions, and, above all, make no statement that is not the 
whole truth. This applies especially where you com¬ 
pare other cyclopaedias with Appletons’ Universal Cyclo¬ 
paedia and Atlas, for any misstatement then will destroy 
your chance to sell, as a customer is quick to catch any 
statement concerning other cyclopaedias that you cannot 
prove and substantiate. 

If you are to be successful above the average, you 
must, at the close of your canvass, wax warm with en¬ 
thusiasm. You must feel, and cause your customer to 
feel, that Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas is 
the best work that he could possibly buy, and that it is 
indispensable to him. 

Of Great Importance. 

The illegibility of many subscribers’ signatures often 
causes delay and trouble, and sometimes the cancellation 
of orders is misinterpreted. Write the subscriber’s name 
in full in Salesman’s Report. It is necessary to get 
the correct spelling of the customer’s name at the time 
the contract is signed. The signature of any man is 
usually a matter of personal interest with him, being the 
result of evolution and persistence in what he is pleased to 
call his style, even though it may be “fearfully and won¬ 
derfully made,” and it is just such signatures that need 
to be carefully written out by the salesman. 

l 9 


The filling in of the Salesman’s Report is a very- 
important detail, and one that must not be slighted or 
overlooked in any particular. It may not, of course, be 
possible to procure two references at all times, nor all the 
information asked for in that report, but in the majority 
of cases there will be little or no difficulty in doing so if 
the salesman makes up his mind to get it. 

Experienced salesmen will agree that many orders 
are lost on account of lack of details ; whereas, if the 
Credit Department was supplied with them, it would be 
much better equipped to successfully keep the business 
good. 

Interesting Quotations. 

Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis, of Plymouth Church, 
Brooklyn, writes us : “ Appletons’ Universal Cyclopae¬ 
dia and Atlas is a veritable storehouse of information. 
Literally, tens of thousands of volumes are condensed 
into twelve books. . . .” 

Daniel Webster said: “My opportunities in youth 
for acquiring an education were limited, but I had the 
great good fortune of being well supplied with useful 
books, and these gave me my start in life.” 

John C. Calhoun said : “I pity the man who is too 
poor and mean to buy books for his children. He might 
as well refuse them bread and meat.” 

Henry Clay said : “ A wise mother and good books 
enabled me to succeed in life. She was very poor, but 


20 


never too poor to buy books for her children. It is a mean 
sort of poverty that starves the mind to feed the body.” 

Cicero said : “ Books are the food of youth, the light 
of old age, the ornament of prosperity and the refuge 
and comfort of adversity, a delight at home and no hin¬ 
drance abroad.” 

Determination and Will-Power. 

It goes without saying that one of the chief elements 
of success with the book agent is a determined will. One 
person says : “ I will,” meaning “I will, providing the 
difficulties are not too great, and the exertion required not 
extraordinary.” Another person says : “l will,” mean¬ 
ing “I will, and there is no reservation, and I have no 
line of retreat. I have cut the bridge behind me and I 
must succeed along this line ; I simply will not be van¬ 
quished by failure.” This is the kind of will-power 
that wins. Have you ever stopped to think that all 
homes contain books ? Some contain many, some few ; 
but every home has bought books, every one can sell 
books—some only a few, some a great many. 

Famous Men as Book Agents. 

Napoleon Bonaparte sold L’Histoire de la Revolu¬ 
tion, and canvassed with vigor and success. George 
Washington canvassed The American Savage, and How 
He may be Tamed by Civilization, a copy of which is 
exhibited in Washington as a memorial of George Wash- 


2 


ington’s experience as a book agent. And there are 
countless others, among whom are Jay Gould, Mark 
Twain, Longfellow, Daniel Webster, General Grant, Ex- 
President Hayes, James G. Blaine, Count von Bismarck ; 
and I may say fifteen per cent of all professional men at 
some time in their lives have sold books by subscription. 

History of Cyclopaedia MaKing. 

The Cyclopaedia subject is an exhaustive one, and I 
have divided it into four parts : 

1. History of Cyclopaedia making. 

2. Criticism of the many Cyclopaedias on the market. 

3. History of Cyclopaedia selling. 

4. Appletons’ new Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas. 

We all know that there have been but five cyclo¬ 
paedias in the English language that have ranked as 
standard works of reference, namely : Encyclopaedia 
Britannica and Chambers’ Encyclopaedia, both English 
publications; The American (Appletons’); Johnson’s 
Universal Cyclopaedia; and last and best, Appletons’ 
Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas. All other cyclo¬ 
paedias have been compiled from one of the first four of 
these great reference works. Let us first review the his¬ 
tory of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. 

The eighth edition was begun in 1853, and was 
published jointly by Adam and Charles Black, of 


22 


Edinburgh, and Little & Brown, of Boston ; the con¬ 
cluding (21st) volume appearing in i860. The ninth 
and last edition was published in 24 volumes and an 
index volume in 1875—’89. Little, Brown & Co., of 
Boston, were agents for the English publishers for the 
ninth edition, selling the Britannica for $8.00 per 
volume, bound in cloth, and for proportionate prices in 
the other bindings. 

We will now consider the history of the various 
other editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 

THE STODDART EDITION. 

At this time no international copyright law existed 
between England and the United States, and Adam and 
Charles Black neglected to protect the first eight volumes 
of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and were greatly as¬ 
tonished to find that the J. M. Stoddart Co., of Philadel¬ 
phia, were getting possession of their sheets and having 
the work set up in type in this country, and selling 
the same for $5.00, $6.00, and $7.00 per volume. 
The English publishers employed several distinguished 
American writers to write the American articles for the 
ninth and succeeding volumes. These writers copy¬ 
righted their articles, signing over to Adam and Charles 
Black the sole and exclusive right to publish them. 
Stoddart, nevertheless, continued, and printed and sold 
the ninth and following volumes. Suit was immediately 
brought by the English publishers, and tried before 
23 


judge Buder, in Pennsylvania. A decision wa$ rendered 
in favor of the J. M. Stoddart Co. on the ground of 
laches (the legal term for procrastination or neglect). 
The court held, however, .that Mr. Stoddart could only 
print the remaining volumes to complete the sets for the 
number of orders taken to that date, as Mr. Stoddart’s 
defense was that, as he had taken some thousands of con¬ 
tracts for complete sets previous to the publication and 
copyrighting of the ninth volume, it would ruin his busi¬ 
ness if not allowed to carry out these contracts. 

Notwithstanding this ruling of the court, Stoddart 
went on publishing and selling the Encyclopaedia Brit- 
annica. Adam and Charles Black immediately brought 
another suit against Stoddart. During this time, to 
offset the Stoddart sale, Adam and Charles Black en¬ 
tered into an arrangement with Samuel Hall and Charles 
Scribner’s Sons to become agents for the Encyclopaedia 
Britannica in this country, making a special edition to 
compete with the Stoddart prices, namely, by printing 
the sheets in England from the original plates, exporting 
them to this country, and Scribner binding them here to 
save duty. 

Pending the trial of the suit of Adam and Charles 
Black vs. Stoddart, a counter-suit was begun by the 
J. M. Stoddart Co. against Adam and Charles Black, 
Samuel Hall, and Charles Scribner’s Sons. The de¬ 
tails of this suit are not important ; suffice it to say that 
a settlement was effected whereby the Blacks and Scrib- 
24 


ners licensed J. M. Stoddart & Co., their heirs and as¬ 
signs forever, to print intact and sell in the United States 
the ninth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. This 
compact prevented the Stoddart Co. from correcting 
errors discovered in the work, especially in the American 
articles. Stoddart, however, added numerous foot-notes 
correcting these errors, and also cross-referenced the index 
volume, so that it was generally conceded that the Stod¬ 
dart edition was the best on the market. 

J. M. Stoddart finally sold out the business to Roger 
Sherman, of Philadelphia, who shortly died, and the 
Britannica plates, etc., passed into the hands of his sister, 
Mrs. Maxwell Sommerville. 

Maxwell Sommerville immediately brought out a 
cheaper edition, using an inferior paper and binding, and 
selling the work for $2.50, $3.50, and $4.00 per vol¬ 
ume. This was in 1894—1900. 

About the year 1900 Maxwell Sommerville sold the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica plates to the Globe Publishing 
Company. 


THE ALLEN EDITION. 

About 1888 Henry G. Allen had made photographic 
plates of the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia 
Britannica. He was immediately enjoined by the Eng¬ 
lish publishers from selling this edition, and they also 
received verdict for large damages against Allen, forcing 
him into bankruptcy. The plates passed into the hands 
25 


of Hurst, on Grand Street, this city, who, omitting the 
copyrighted articles, has from time to time printed and 
sold to Henry G. Allen. As this edition is practically 
out of the market, no time need be taken up with it. 

THE R. S. PEALE EDITION. 

About 1890 R. S. Peale also made photographic 
plates of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, eliminating the 
copyrighted articles and publishing other articles in their 
stead, but calling the work “ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 
Ninth Edition, R. S. Peale Reprint.” 

The Werner So-called Reprint. 

As we are all well aware, this edition contains none 
of the American copyrighted articles, and is the same in 
every respect as the R. S. Peale edition, with the excep¬ 
tion that to it are added five supplementary volumes, 
which, however, have no relation to the original edition 
of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and are unauthorized, 
and have no right to the name. 

The Americanized Encyclopedia Britannica. 

This is best described by the following extract from 
the N. Y. Independent , which also refers to all the so- 
called “ photographic reprints ” of the Encyclopaedia Bri¬ 
tannica : 

“We regret to be required to call the attention of our 
readers again to the numerous spurious and mangled editions 
26 


of the Encyclopaedia Britannica now on the market. Pur¬ 
chasers who buy any of them do so at their own risk, and 
have small right to complain when they discover afterward 
that they have lost their money. No faithful reproduc¬ 
tion of the ninth edition of the Britannica can be sold in 
this country under the copyright laws except the author¬ 
ized. The other editions are greatly inferior ; some of 
them contain matter made up from previous editions, and 
practically worthless. The Americanized Britannica, in 
ten volumes, and sometimes twenty, bears little resem¬ 
blance to the authorized work. It rejects 20,000,000 
words, or over 70 per cent of the whole. It contains 91 
maps and plans, against 583 in the authorized ; 96 process 
plates, against 338 engraved plates; and 44 text illustra¬ 
tions, against 9,092 in the authorized. The original 
work is cut to pieces, and its value for reference or cita¬ 
tion seriously impaired, if not wholly destroyed. As to 
the claim that supplements are added in some editions, 
which bring the work down to date, from the legal point 
of view unauthorized ‘ supplements ’ cannot take the 
fraudulent quality out of a substantially pirated edition, and 
from a literary point of view the claim that these supple¬ 
ments bring the work down to date will bear least exam¬ 
ination of all. If purchasers with their eyes open choose 
to invest in works of this kind, we must assume that they 
have some reason for doing so which is satisfactory to 
themselves ; but if they purchase under mistaken impres¬ 
sions as to the character of the work, which, by the way, 
we regret to see that some of our contemporaries of the 
religious press have lent their influence to spread, WE 
CAN ONLY SAY THAT THERE IS BUT ONE 
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA.”— N. T. Inde - 
pendenty November 17, 1892. 


27 


CHAMBERS’ ENCYCLOPEDIA. 

Was first published, in ten volumes, in i86o-*68 ; a 
new edition in 1871—’72. The latest edition was fin¬ 
ished in 1900. 

THE AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA 
(APPLETONS’). 

I think we will all agree that this was, in its day, the 
greatest reference work ever produced in the English lan¬ 
guage, and in many respects is still valuable as a practical 
working cyclopaedia. 

JOHNSON’S UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA. 

This great Cyclopaedia first made its appearance in 
1874, revised in 1877, again in 1885 and 1889, and a 
thorough revision in 1895. In 1 899 the work was sub¬ 
jected to another revision, and sold by D. Appleton and 
Company under the name of “ Universal Cyclopaedia.” 

Criticism of the many Cyclopaedias on the 
Market. 

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 

The ninth and last edition of the Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica, published in 187 5 and 1 889, we all know is now com¬ 
pletely out of date. For example, we find it states that the 
Brooklyn Bridge is in course of construction ; that the fare on 
the Manhattan Elevated is 1 o cents. The article on Africa 
was completed before Livingstone’s death—May 4, 1873. 
No biographies are to be found of Gladstone, Queen Vic- 
28 


toria, Garfield, Blaine, or McKinley. The purchase of 
a Britannica to-day would be like buying an 1885 N. Y. 
City Directory. 

The Encyclopaedia Britannica as a treatise on scien¬ 
tific subjects was a great work, but as a working cyclo¬ 
paedia it was a complete failure, the articles being so 
ultra-technical that for ordinary purposes they are useless. 

CHAMBERS’ ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 

The new work is chiefly a compilation of the old, and 
has few, if any, signed articles, which is an extremely 
weak point. The same objection that applies to the En¬ 
cyclopaedia Britannica applies in part to Chambers’, 
namely. Chambers’ being chiefly a British work, and the 
American articles in the majority of cases being written 
by English writers, American subjects have not received 
sufficient prominence, and to buy a Chambers’ Cyclo¬ 
paedia would be very much the same as buying a history 
of the United States written by English writers. 

CENTURY DICTIONARY CYCLOPAEDIA 
AND ATLAS. 

As a dictionary and atlas, this work, there is no ques¬ 
tion, is all that could be desired; but it remained for 
James Clark & Co. and John Wanamaker to call it a 
cyclopaedia, which, as we all know, is a misnomer. For 
example, on America it contains about fifteen lines ; 
Comparative Anatomy, eight lines ; Building and Loan 
29 


Associations, four lines ; Battle of Bull Run, ten lines ; 
Constitution of the United States, nine lines ; German 
Literature, nothing; German Theology, nothing; and 
Free Trade, nothing. I think this is sufficient to show 
that it is not entitled in any way to be called a cyclopaedia. 

THE INTERNATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA. 

The first edition of Chambers’ Encyclopaedia was 
published in i860. That versatile publisher, John B. 
Alden (doing business under the name American Book 
Exchange), published a work in fifteen volumes named 
“Library of Universal Knowledge,” made up of the un¬ 
changed articles of Chambers’ Encyclopaedia, with a few 
hastily prepared American additions. This work was sold 
for $1.00 a volume. 

The American Book Exchange failed, and the plates 
passed into the hands of S. W. Green’s Son, who also 
failed. The plates then came into the possession of 
George A. Leavitt & Co., the auctioneers, who also failed, 
and Mr. William W. Appleton was appointed receiver, 
and in winding up the affairs thought to destroy the old 
plates of The Library of Universal Knowledge, as they 
were considered worthless ; however, they were sold at 
auction and bought by a book agent, and subsequently were 
owned by Dodd, Mead & Co., who “plugged them, 
plugged the plugs, and then plugged the plugged plugs,” 
and called it the “International Cyclopaedia. ” We hear 
very little of it in the city, but it undoubtedly has quite a 
3 ° 


sale in the small towns. One of the librarians of the 
Pratt Institute in Brooklyn said to me a few weeks ago 
that they had the International, as it was presented to 
them, but had found it of no use except upon one occa¬ 
sion—when a man called and asked for information as to 
the number of rounds that Sullivan fought Mitchell in 
Chantilly, France. It was a strange inquiry. The li¬ 
brarian, in a spirit of fun, turned to the International, and 
to her astonishment found an account of the fight. 

I have made it a rule for a number'of years frequently 
to get specimen pages, etc., of all cyclopaedias. In 
February of this year I secured specimen pages of the In¬ 
ternational. Now, we all know that President McKinley 
was born at Niles, Ohio, January 29, 1843, and that he 
was the 25th President of the United States. Although 
knowing the slipshod, careless patchwork of the making 
of the International, I was surprised that they gave his 
birth as February 26, 1844, and that he was the 24th 
President of the United States. I sent for specimen pages 
again August 1, 1901, and find the same error. 

APPLETONS’ UNIVERSAL CYCLOPAEDIA 
AND ATLAS. 

After the revision of 189 2-’9 5 Johnson’s Universal 
Cyclopaedia passed into the hands of D. Appleton and 
Company. It was revised in 1899 ; and in 1901 it was 
subjected to a thorough revision, published in twelve vol¬ 
umes containing many new articles, with new illustra- 

3 1 


tions, colored plates, and maps, and is now sold as 
t( Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas.” 

The list of editors and associate editors has been re¬ 
vised, including the name of Rossiter Johnson as Editor 
of Revision ; Cyrus C. Adams, A. B., Descriptive Geog¬ 
raphy ; John W. Chadwick, D. D., Unitarianism, Uni- 
versalism, etc. ; Richard J. H. Gottheil, Ph. D., Jewish 
Church History, Doctrine, etc. 

All the articles on American cities have been revised 
to include the 1900 census figures, and all statistical 
matter, covering agriculture and mineral productions, 
exports, imports, and financial statistics for the United 
States and foreign countries, has been revised according 
to the lastest returns. And in all cases where it has been 
made necessary, by the advancement of science, inven¬ 
tions, discoveries, etc., note has been made and the sub¬ 
ject thoroughly brought to date. 

All biographical material has been brought up to July 
1, 1901, and the biographies of such men as have come 
into prominence included. Recent historical events, 
such as the Spanish War, Boer War, Insurrection in the 
Philippines, etc., have been noted. 

All maps have been revised to date, and, where neces¬ 
sary, new ones have been made, also new maps added— 
for example, among others. South Africa, Klondike, Pekin. 

The firm of D. Appleton and Company have no hes¬ 
itancy in saying that Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and 
Atlas will demand the respect and admiration of the liter- 
32 


ary world as the greatest, the best, and most practical 
cyclopaedia that has yet appeared in the English language. 

Description and Plan of Appletons’ 
“Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas.” 

1. Special editors, recognized as authorities, in charge 
of each department. 

2. Distinguished specialists, chosen by the different 
departmental editors because of their thorough acquaint¬ 
ance with the subject on which they wrote, and their abil¬ 
ity to present these subjects in a way to satisfy both the 
scholar and the general reader. 

3. An analytical method of treating the larger and 
more complex subjects by presenting “each elementary 
topic under its own heading,” thus avoiding the more 
lengthy treatise fitted only for personal experiments, and 
facilitating ready reference by presenting in alphabetical 
order information adapted to the wants of busy men and 
women. 

4. The authentication of each article of importance 
by appending to it the author’s name. 

5. The inclusion among the biographies of brief 
sketches of noted men and women in every department of 
learning, science, and action. 

Anthropology. 

The editor of this department. Major John W. Pow¬ 
ell, Ph. D., LL. D., Director of the U. S. Bureau of 
33 


Ethnology, has probably devoted 
American Archeology, more time and thought than any 
Ethnology. other person to the ethnic relations 

of the aborigines of America, and 
his investigations enable him to speak with a confidence 
which perhaps no one else would be entitled to. His 
classification of the Indians of North America will be 
found of great interest and value to those who as yet 
have had but limited facilities for the study of the subject. 
The materials brought together never have been pub¬ 
lished in any other cyclopaedia, and to an important ex¬ 
tent they are new to science. Some of the more im¬ 
portant articles prepared under the editors’ direction were : 


By Dr. Robert Fletcher, of 
the Army Medical Museum. 

By Mr. F. Sturges Allen, a 
member of the New York Bar. 

By Dr. John S. Billings, Director 
of the New York Public Library. 

By Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, 
late professor in the University of 
Pennsylvania. 

By the late Frank H. Cushing, 
chief of the Hemenway exploring 
expedition. 

By Rev. J. Owen Dorsey. 
Major Powell was also assisted 
by Mr. Albert S. Gatschet, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, an 
34 


Criminal 

Anthropology. 

Criminology. 

Anthropometry. 

Man. 


New Mexico and 
Arizona. 

Ponca Indians. 


Iroquois Indian, Mr. F. Webb Hodge, Prof. William 
H. Holmes, and Col. Garrick Mallery, all of the Bureau 
of Ethnology at Washington. 


Archeology. 


Art and Architecture. 

Dr. Russell Sturgjs, who was chosen to conduct 
the department of the Fine Arts, remodeled the method 
of treatment, with the view of 
Paintingy establishing a better proportion be- 

Sculpture> tween the more important and 

Architecture , . , . . T 

the less important articles. In 

former editions of the Cyclopaedia, 
the Fine Arts were for the most part treated by literary 
men and scholars who approached their subjects from 
without. In the remaking, the work was done by per¬ 
sons who had devoted their lives principally to the fine 
arts, and this resulted in a more intelligent treatment of 
the subjects that come within the scope of the depart¬ 
ment. In the important field of 
Classical Archeology . 

Classical Archaeology a large part 

of the work was done by Prof. Alfred Emerson, 

A. M., Ph. D., of Cornell University. The very able 

article in the former edition on 
Roman Archeology, Afch;eology by p rof . 

Wolfgang Helbig and Prof. Rodolfo Amedeo Lanci- 
ani, of Rome, was revised by the latter. 

By the late William J. Still- 

European Art. 

* MAN. 


35 


Modern Painters . 
Architecture 

Decorative Art 


Fresco- Paintings 
Silverware, 

Painted Pottery, 
Embossed and 

Chased Armor, 
Tapestries, 


By William A. Coffin, Secre¬ 
tary of the Society of American 
Artists. 

and architectural subjects generally, 
by Prof. Alfred D. F. Hamlin, 
of Columbia College, New York, 
in its different branches was treated 
with special care by Dr. Sturgis; 
and it will be found that 


and other subjects of a kindred na¬ 
ture are treated with the fulness 
each topic seems to deserve. 


Astronomy. 

The Department'of the Higher Mathematics and As¬ 
tronomy was intrusted to Prof. Simon Newcomb, LL. D., 
formerly editor of the Nautical Almanac, and formerly 
Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in Johns Hop¬ 
kins University. He has given in condensed form, under 
each head, an account of the special facts and latest dis¬ 
coveries of the most mature opinion of the various topics 
in this department. Technical details are avoided, for 
the reason that the few who need them will ordinarily 


resort to special treatises on the subject, and these are 
named in the bibliography appended to each of the more 
important articles, as, for example, those on Astronomy, 
Solar Parallax, Stars, and Time, by Professor Newcomb 
himself, and those on the Sun and Spectroscope, by Prof. 
Charles A. Young, of Princeton University. 

Bibliography. 

Almost every elaborate article in the Cyclopaedia is 
accompanied by copious bibliographical information, so 
that the student who desires to pursue the subject further 
may know where to turn for the information he seeks. 
This has always been a feature of the Cyclopaedia, but in 
no other edition has it been so thoroughly carried out. 
Wherever possible, reference is made to special rather 
than to general treatises, to works in English, either origi¬ 
nal or translated, in preference to works in foreign lan¬ 
guages, and to recent' and accessible rather than to out-of- 
the-way books. 

Biography. 

In organizing the editorial staff no separate provision 
was made for the great department of Biography. It 
was arranged that each editor should have charge of the 
biographies in his own department, selecting the names of 
persons considered worthy of a place in the Cyclopaedia, 
and preparing or arranging for the preparation of the 
biographical sketches. This arrangement has greatly 
37 


increased the value of the Cyclopaedia, as the sketches 
have the authority of men familiar with the standing and 
achievements of the persons described. They are all 
written on the same model, so far as possible, and an 
effort is made to have each indicate instantly just who 
the person was or is, and his or her relative importance. 
Many biographical sketches are now added in the Appen¬ 
dix, including notices of persons who have attained promi¬ 
nence through important events, discoveries, etc., since 
the general revision was completed. 

Biology. 

Through the researches of such men as Darwin, Hux¬ 
ley, and Virchow, Biology has obtained a position of 
great prominence among the sciences. Special mention 
may be made of the articles— 

By Theodore Gill, M. D., 
Ph. D. 

By John S. Billings, M. D., 
LL. D., and Alexander C. Ab¬ 
bott, M. D. 

By John Sterling Kingsley, 
D. Sc., Tufts College, Massachu¬ 
setts. 

By the late Sir John William 
Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., 
of Montreal, the most eminent op¬ 
ponent of Darwinism. 

38 


Biology. 

Bacteriology. 

Darwinism and 
Evolution. 


Anti- Darwinism . 


Botany. 

In arranging for the department of Botany and Vege¬ 
table Physiology, Economic Botany was assigned to Prof. 
Liberty Hyde Bailey, M. S., of Cornell University, who 
took charge of Agriculture, Horticulture, and kindred sub¬ 
jects ; and the more general sub- 
Economic Botany , ject of Botany as a science to Dr. 

Agriculture , Charles Edwin Bessey, Professor 

Horticulture. of Botany in the University of Ne¬ 

braska. In order to adapt this 
whole department to the modern state of the science many 
of the old articles were omitted and many new ones intro¬ 
duced. The article Botany is entirely new, and is in 
accord with the modern idea that the term includes the 
whole vegetable kingdom, and not merely flowering plants 
and ferns. One of the features of the present edition is 
the attention paid to the orders of plants, as well as to 
plant diseases and plant histology. Mention may also 
be made of the articles— 


Bacteria and 
Vegetable Histology. 


By Professor Bessey. 


By Grove Karl Gilbert, M. N. 
Paleontology , A. S., is treated in four principal 

articles and a number of minor ones. 
The history of ancient life is given in three articles : 

By Dr. Lester Frank Ward, 
Fossil Plants. A. M., LL. D., of the Smithso¬ 

nian Institution. 


39 


By Henry Shaler Williams, 
Fossil Invertebrates. Ph. D., Professor of Geology in 
Yale University. 

By Othniel Charles Marsh, 
Ph. D., LL. D., M. N. A. S., 
Fossil Vertebrates. Paleontologist of the U. S. Geologi¬ 
cal Survey, and President of the 
National Academy of Sciences. 

Chemistry. 

The Science of Chemistry is making rapid advances, 
and applications of the results of recent discoveries are find¬ 
ing their way into the manufactures in many directions. 
Ira Remsen, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., formerly Professor 
of Chemistry, now President of Johns Hopkins University, 
the editor of the department, sought to present everything 
likely to be of interest to the general reader as well as of 
value to the practical student. 

By Edward Renouf, Collegiate 
Acetylene. Professor of Chemistry, Johns Hop¬ 

kins University. 

Many discoveries of chemical 
substances, probably elementary. 
Chemical Substances, are now included in this Cyclo¬ 
paedia, and an article on each of 
these is now given by Dr. Marcus 
Benjamin, of the U. S. National 
Museum. 

40 


Perfumery. 

Dr. Benjamin has also written a 
new article on Perfumery. 


Civil Engineering. 

Dr. Mansfield Merriman, Professor of Civil Engi¬ 
neering in Lehigh University, well known as a teacher 
and investigator in technical science and as the author of 
standard technical books, was in charge of the department 
of Civil Engineering. The most important new articles 


Arch Bridges, 

Block System, 
Creeping of Rails, 
Flexure, 

Hydraulics, 

prepared by Dr. Merriman for this 
edition of the Cyclopaedia are— 


Mountain Railways, 
Moment Roads, 


Stresses, 

Viaduct . 

He revised and brought down to 
date a number of articles like 

Brick, 

Cements, 

Leveling, 

Surveying, 

those on 

and introduced many short articles, 
such as those on 

Adhesion, 

Abutment, 

Ballast. 

4 1 


A still larger number of articles were prepared by 
engineers and professors of distinction, among which it 
will suffice to mention— 


River Hydraulics. 

By Gen. Henry L. Abbot. 

Ship- Canals , 

By Mr. Elmer L. Corthell, 

Ship-Railways , 

C. E., and Mr. Cyrus C. Adams, 

Jetties , 

who furnished supplementary ar¬ 

Levees. 

Aqueducts , 

ticles, giving later facts. 

Canals , 

By J. James R. Croes, C. E., 

Reservoir , 

E. M., a civil and hydraulic en¬ 

Street and Suburban 
Railways , etc. 

Hydrostatics , 

gineer of wide experience. 

Turbines , 

Water- Works. 

Breakwater , 

By Joseph P. Frizell, C. E. 

Docks , 

Dredgingy 

Harbors. 

By Mr. Lewis M. Haupt, C. E. 

By Mr. William Rich Hut¬ 
ton, chief engineer of the Hudson 

Tunnels and 

River tunnel, who revised and con¬ 

Tunneling. 

solidated all the articles on tunnels 
and tunneling, and supplied the bio¬ 
graphical sketches of European en¬ 


gineers of note. 

U. S. Coast and 

By Thomas Corwin Menden¬ 

Geodetic Survey. 

hall, Ph.D., LL. D., M.N.A.S. 
42 


Sewerage. 

Plumbing. 

Railways. 

Railway Equipment 
and 

Railway Operation. 


By Dr. Cady Satley, president 
of . the Case School of Applied 
Science, Cleveland, O. 

By Mr. George S. Pierson, 
civil and sanitary engineer, Kala¬ 
mazoo, Mich. 

By Col. Julius W. Adams. 

By Mr. Arthur M. Welling¬ 
ton, editor, and Mr. E. E. R. 
Tr atman, associate editor, of the 
Engineering News , New York. 

All these articles are freely illustrated whenever the 
nature of the subject requires it. The historical develop¬ 
ment of civil engineering, both as an art and as a science, 
is noted. 

Education. 

The articles on educational subjects required even 
more rigorous treatment, for the reason that since the first 
edition of the Cyclopaedia was issued the methods, if not 
the systems, of education have been completely revolu¬ 
tionized. A new article on Education was prepared by 
Chancellor William Harold Payne, of the State Normal 
University in Nashville, Tenn. Other interesting and 
timely articles are— 

Literature of By Charles Herbert Thurber, 

Education, Methods A p ro f e ssor of Pedagogy in 

NafurlsZy. the University of Chicago. 


43 


By William Lowe Bryan, 

Child-Study. Professor of Philosophy and Vice- 

President of Indiana University. 

By Prof. Calvin Milton 

Woodward, A. M., Ph. D., of 
Manual Training. , Tr . . TT . . „ T 

Washington University, bt. Louis, 

Mo. 


The articles on 

Agricultural Colleges , 

Agricultural 
Experiment Station , 

College Schools , and many other educational sub¬ 

jects of a kindred nature, are by 
the Editor-in-chief. 


Kindergarten. 
Common Schools. 

Primary Schools and 
Secondary Schools. 

Normal Schools. 

Theological Schools. 


By Prof. William Nicholas 
Hailmann. 

By Prof. Earl Barnes, of the 
Leland Stanford Junior University. 

By Prof. Charles Herbert 
Thurber. 

By Charles De Garmo, for¬ 
merly President of Swarthmore 
College. 

By Nathaniel Schmidt, Pro¬ 
fessor of Semitic Languages and. 
Literature, Theological School of 
Colgate University. 

44 


Medical Schools. 


Law Schools. 


Technical Schools. 


Trade Schools. 


Schools of the 

Fine Arts. 

School Gardens , 
Vacation Schools, 
School Statistics. 


University. 


By Henry Mills Hurd, Pro¬ 
fessor of Psychiatry, Johns Hop¬ 
kins University. 

By James Barr Ames, A. M., 
Professor of Law, Harvard Uni¬ 
versity. 

By President Thomas Corwin 
Mendenhall, Ph.D., LL. D., M. 
N. A. S., of the Worcester Poly¬ 
technic Institute, Worcester, Mass. 

By Charles R. Richards, 
Director of the Department of 
Science and Technology, Pratt In¬ 
stitute, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

By Mr. William Anderson 
Coffin, of the Society of Ameri¬ 
can Artists. 

By Prof. Charles Herbert 
Thurber, A. M. 

By Daniel Coit Gilman, LL.D., 
formerly President of Johns Hop¬ 
kins University. And the descrip¬ 
tions of institutions of learning 
were prepared, almost without ex¬ 
ception, either by the officers at 
the head of such institutions or by 
persons doing the work under 
official direction. 


45 


Economics. 

This department, under the general charge of Prof, 
(now President) Arthur Twining Hadley, of Yale Uni¬ 
versity, was extended so as to in- 

Economics or elude on the one hand the whole 

Political Economy. . r n . , . . 

science of sociology, and on the 

other the great domain of Finance, public and private. 
The different subjects not treated by the Associate Editor 
himself were intrusted to the hands of the most eminent 
specialists that could be found. The method pursued in 
former editions of dealing with controverted questions, 
but giving both sides a hearing, was retained ; while 
systematic articles on Finance, Cur- 


Finance, 

rency. Taxation, Tariff, Reciproc¬ 

Currency, 

Taxation, 

ity, etc., furnish an impartial 

Tariff, 

presentation of facts to supplement 

Reciprocity, etc.. 

or correct the argument of special 


advocates. There is a much fuller 

treatment of social 

problems than formerly. Some of 
the more important articles are— 

Factory System. 

By Carroll Davidson Wright. 

Single Tax. 

By Henry George. 

Socialism. 

By Henry Mayers Hynd- 
man, A. B. 

Nihilism. 

By Sergius Stepniak. 

Tenement- Houses. 

By Jacob A. Rus. 

Sociology. 

By Prof. Franklin Henry 
Giddings. 


46 


In consequence of the great advances in recent years 
in the treatment of social and economic questions, the 
space given to these subjects was more than doubled. 


Entomology. 

An exhaustive article on Entomology, finely illustrated, 
was furnished by Prof. J. Henry Comstock, B. S., of 
Cornell University, and other divisions of the subject were 
treated by noted specialists. 

By Mr. Alexander Dyer Mac- 
Gillivray. 


Bee. 


By Dr. Charles V. Riley, Late 
Phylloxera. Entomologist, U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 
and revised by Lyman V. Kellogg, Associate Professor 
of Entomology, Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo 
Alto, Cal. 

By Prof. John Sterling Kings- 
Gypsy Moth ley, and a few items by Mr. 

Frederick Augustus Lucas. 


Geography. 

Mr. Cyrus C. Adams, Formerly president of the 
department of Geography in the Brooklyn Institute of 
Arts and Sciences, has written ar¬ 
ticles on many African topics and 
on out-of-the-way places in every 
part of the world. 

47 


African Topics. 


Herbert H. Smith, A. M., a 
naturalist, who had been engaged 
for more than twenty years in 
special geographic and scientific 
explorations in tropical America, and traveled extensively 
in South America, Mexico, and West Indies, contributed 
the articles on those countries. And 
Cbina y Robert Lilley, D. C. L., M. R. 

Japan . A. S., the managing editor, who 

resided for many years in China 
and Japan, and traveled extensively in the far East, was 
the authority on Asiatic subjects. Of the many impor¬ 
tant articles may be mentioned— 

Africa , 

Spanish and 

Portuguese America , By the Associate Editor, Mr. 
South Sea Islands y Cyrus C. Adams. 

Central Asia, 

British India. 


South America , 
Mexico , 

West Indies. 


Constantinople. 


London. 


Paris . 


By Rev. Edwin A. Grosvenor, 
A. M., late of Robert College, 
Turkey. 

By Mr. Francis Espinasse, a 
well-known literary worker of that 
city. 

By Theodore Stanton, A. M., 
for several, years a resident of the 
French capital. 

The descriptions of the large cities were intrusted to 

48 


persons selected for their local knowledge as well as for 
their personal fitness, and the articles on all cities and 
countries have been revised to include the most recent 
census returns and other matters of statistical importance. 

Many new geographical articles have been added to 
the present edition by Mr. Cyrus C. Adams. 

Among the important articles to 
be found in the Appendix is a new 
and full description of the 

Philippine Islands, 

China , 

Cuba, 

Devil 1 s Islandy 

Egypc 

Fashoda, 

France t 

German Empire, 

Greece, 

Iceland, 

Nyassaland, 

Witwatersrand, 

Change-of-Day Line. 

Political and De¬ 
scriptive Geography, one of the largest departments in 
the Cyclopaedia, was cared for by 
Prof. Mark W. Harrington, A. M., LL. D., F. L. S. 
In this great work he had as his collaborator Hon. Gardi¬ 
ner D. Hubbard, formerly President of the National Geo¬ 
graphic Society, Washington, D. C. 


49 


Geology. 

The treatment of Geology was enlarged by the 
addition of special chapters on Structural Geology, or the 
arrangement and interrelation of 
Structural Geology, roc k masses . Dynamic Geology, or 
Dynamic Geology, . , ... . . 

Geologic Technology, the a S encles b y whlch rocks and 
rock structures are produced ; on 

Geologic Technology, or the methods employed by the 
geologist in determining the horizontal and vertical dis¬ 
tribution of rocks, in representing this distribution by 
means of maps and sections, in discriminating between 
rocks by means of their composition and minute structure; 
while the general subject Rocks was written by the eminent 
specialist. Prof. George H. Williams, of Johns Hopkins 
University, and the articles on individual rocks, such as 
granite, gneiss, etc. 

Each geological period is designated in a special article 
devoted to the subject, and a number of short articles on 
American formations. Grove K. 
Historic Geology . Gilbert, A. M., Geologist of the 

U. S. Geological Survey, was in 
charge of this department and called to his assistance 
many eminent specialists. 

Applied or Economic Israel C. White, M. E., the 

Geology, Geojogy of mining engineer who originated the 
Petroleum and “anticlinal theory” of gas occur- 

Natural Gas. r pnrp 


50 


Asphalt , 
Bitumen , 
Petroleum. 


By Prof. Stephen Farnum Peck- 
ham, A. M., formerly of the Uni¬ 
versity of Minnesota. 


Building-Stone. 


Mr. George Perkins Merrill, 
Ph.D., Curator of Rock Collections 
in the U. S. National Museum. 


Artesian Wells , 
Well-Drilling. 


By Frederick Haynes Newell, 
topographer, U. S. Geological Sur¬ 


vey, in charge of the investigation of 
water supply with reference to irrigation. 

History. 

All the articles that come within the scope of the de¬ 
partment of History, reserved for the special care of the 
Editor-in-chief, were carefully revised. All the historical 
articles were critically examined, many of them rewritten, 
and a considerable number of new subjects for the first 
time introduced into the Cyclopaedia. Among those from 
the pen of the Editor-in-chief may be mentioned 
Bacon's Rebellion , 

Berlin Congress , 

ColumbuSy 
Modern Egypt , 

Frederick the Great , 

Mecklenburg Declaration, 

Napoleon t 
Nullification , 

United States , 

George Washington y 
Waterloo. 


5 


A short historical article was appended to each article 
on a state or foreign country. Some of the more note¬ 
worthy of the latter are— 

France, By Charles Kendall Adams, 

Austria, LL. D. 


England, 

Germany, 


Japan, 


Norway, 

Spain, 

Sweden, 
Ancient Egypt, 


By Ernest G. Ravenstein, F. 
R. G. S. 

By James Main Dixon, A. M., 
F. R. S. E., formerly Professor of 
English Literature in the Imperial 
University of Japan. 

By Julius E. Olson. 

By Mark W. Harrington, 
LL.D., F.L.S. 

By Charles R. Gillett, D. D. 


Industrial Arts. 

Of the Industrial Arts, Agriculture was assigned to 

Prof. Liberty H. Bailey, M.S., of Cornell University. 

He not only subjected all the arti- 

Agriculture, cles t j iat were retained from former 

Economic Botany. ... 

editions to a most thorough revision, 

but wrote or secured many new articles of prime impor¬ 
tance. Among these may be mentioned— 

By Prof. Henry H. Wing, 
M. S., of Cornell University. 

By Prof. James P. Robertson, 
Dairy Commissioner of Canada. 
52 


Butter. 


Cheese. 


Ensilage , By p ro f. J SAAC p. Roberts, 

Reaping and Mowing __ ' _ 

Machines . M. Agr., of Cornell. 

By Mr. Bernhard E. Fernowc 
Forestry. chief of the Forestry division of the 

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

The article on Horticulture, by the Associate Editor, 
will be found to embody briefly, but as fully as is practi¬ 
cable, the results of the latest in- 
Horticulture. vestigations and experience in the 

production of the different kinds of 
grains, fruits, and vegetables. 

Mining and Metallurgy are very fully treated by Mr. 
Charles Kirchhoff, who has endeavored to embody 
in the several articles the results of 
Metallurgy the most recent experience in both 

of these branches. Such articles as 


Coal y Aluminiuniy c l ear ly show his methods and the 
Blast Furnace , Tin y 
Tin Plate , etc.. 


value of what he has done. 


The articles on the manufacturing of 
Machinery, Textiles, are of the hi g hest value > 


Foods , Chemicals , 
Beveragesy 


each 

having been written by the ac¬ 
knowledged authority. 


Language. 

Professor (now President) Benjamin Ide Wheeler, 
Ph. D., the editor in charge of Linguistics and Compara- 

53 


tive Philology, strove to present the phenomena of lan¬ 
guage in the light of their historical significance, and to 
treat these in accordance with the 
Linguistics and methods of the modern science of 

Comparative historical grammar, as distinguished 

Philology. from the merely descriptive meth¬ 

ods of earlier linguistic discussions. 
The plan of his work includes the following divisions 
of the matter : 

( a~) Articles on the various groups or families of lan¬ 
guages, such as the Indo-European, the Semitic, and the 
Teutonic. These articles undertake to characterize each 
group, with reference to its geographical location and dis¬ 
tribution, its division into separate languages and dialects, 
with the determining marks or other characteristics of the 
division, its historical development, and its main charac¬ 
teristics of sound, form, and syntax, considered from a 
strictly scientific point of view. 

( b ) Articles on each separate language or dialect that 
has attained the position of a literary language, with dis¬ 
cussion of its main characteristics, geographical extent, 
division into dialects, and with reference to the most im¬ 
portant lexicographical and grammatical treatises, as well 
as to convenient handbooks for acquiring a practical 
knowledge of the language. 

(r) Articles explanatory of the technical terms of 
scientific and descriptive grammar, as of prosody or 
meter. 


54 


(V) Articles on various phases of general grammar, 
the philosophy of language, the history of scientific gram¬ 
mar, and the history of writing. 

(V) A brief etymological explanation of all titles in 
the Cyclopaedia whose form or meaning could be made 
clearer by the addition of such an etymology. In select¬ 
ing the material to be used in these etymological explana¬ 
tions, the etymology is not viewed as an end unto itself, 
as may be the case, for example, in an etymological dic¬ 
tionary, but rather as a practical convenience for the pur¬ 
poses mentioned. All these etymologies were supplied by 
Professor Wheeler himself. 

In carrying out this widely comprehensive plan the 
associate editor called to his aid some of the most emi¬ 
nent specialists to be found in Europe and America. 
Among the noteworthy contributions are— 

By Prof. Crawford H. Toy, 
LL. D., Prof. David G. Lyon, 
Semitic Languages. Ph. D., of Harvard University, 
and Prof. James R. Jewett, Ph. 
D., of Brown University. 

By Prof. A. V. Williams 
Iranian Languages. Jackson, A. M., L. H. D., Ph.D., 
of Columbia University. 

By Prof. Hermann Carl George 
Germanic Languages. Brandt, A. M., Ph. D., of Ham¬ 
ilton College. 

55 


Scandinavian 

Languages. 


Slavic Languages. 

Lithuanian and other 
Baltic Languages. 

Celtic Languages. 


Low-German 

Languages . 


Romance Languages. 


Sanskrit. 


English. 


Pali. 

Greek. 

Prakrit. 


By Prof. George L. Kittredge, 
A. B., of Harvard University, and 
Prof. William H. Carpenter, 
Ph. D., of Columbia University, 
New York. 

By Prof. Vatroslav Jagic, 
Ph. D., of Vienna. 

By Prof. Adalbert Bezzenber- 
ger, Ph.D., of Konigsberg,Prussia. 

By Prof. Rudolph Thurneysen, 
Ph. D., of Freiburg, Germany. 

By Prof. Hermann Collitz, 
Ph. D., of Bryn Mawr, Pennsyl¬ 
vania. 

By Prof. Edward S. Sheldon, 
A. B., of Harvard University. 

By Prof. Charles R. Lanman, 
Ph. D., of Harvard University. 

By Prof. Albert S. Cook, 
Ph. D., L. H. D., of Yale Uni¬ 
versity. 

By Prof. T. W. Rhys Davids, 
of London. 

By Prof. Frederick D. Allen, 
Ph. D., of Harvard. 

By Prof. Hermann Jacobi, 
Ph. D., of Bonn, Germany. 

56 


Chinese , Korean t 
Japanese. 

Egyptian. 


Language. 


Syntax. 


Prosody , Meter , etc. 


Inscriptions. 


By Dr. Addison Van Name, 
Librarian of Yale University. 

By Rev. Charles R. Gillett, 
Librarian of Union Theological 
Seminary, New York. 

By Prof. William D. Whit¬ 
ney, Ph. D., LL. D., M. N. 
A. S., of Yale University. 

By Prof. Berthold Delbruck, 
Jena, Germany. 

By Prof. Milton W. Hum¬ 
phreys, Ph. D., LL. D., of the 
University of Virginia. 

By Dr. Isaac H. Hall, of the 
Metropolitan Museum, New York. 


Pronunciation , 
Punctuation , 
Lexicography. 


By Prof. Oliver Farrar Emer¬ 
son, A. M., Ph. D., of Cornell. 


Ablaut , Umlaut , 

Alphabet , Gothic y % Benjamin Ide Wheeler, 

Modern Greek , Folk- Ph. D. 

Etymology t etc. 


Law. 


Law is a twofold department—( a ) municipal, civil, 
and constitutional law, and (<£) international law. Dur¬ 
ing the progress of about the first third of the work the 
former was in charge of President Henry Wade Rogers, 
of the Northwestern University, and thereafter of Francis 

57 


M. Burdick, LL. D., Dwight Professor of Law, Co¬ 
lumbia University, who received important aid from the 
following professors in the Columbia University School of 
Law : Frank J. Goodnow, A. M., LL. B. ; George W. 
Kirchwey, A. B. ; Munroe Smith, A. M., J. U. D. ; 
Mr. F. J. Sturges Allen, a member of the New York 
Bar, who wrote many important articles and revised many 
others, and has now added still 
more, including 

Expert Testimony, 

Farm Laws , 

Handwriting , 

Liquor Laws, 

Lunacy Laws , 

Police Powers, 

Probate Courts , 

School Laws. 

By Prof. Theodore S. Woolsey, 
of Yale University, who endeavored 
to give, under a number of separate 
International Law. headings, rather than under one, a 
complete practical treatment of the 
subject. Among individual articles 
of this nature may be mentioned 

Asylum , 

Balance of Power, 

International 

Arbitration, 

International Law, 

Belligerency , 


58 


Blockade, 

Exterritoriality, 

Extradition, 

Naturalization, 

Treason, 

Treaties. 

Literature. 

In the treatment of the various subjects that come 
under the head of Greek and Roman Literature, in charge 
of Prof. Basil Lanneau Gilder- 
Greek and sleeve, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., 

Roman Literature. of Johns Hopkins University, an 
effort was made to bring into relief 
the important facts of the lives and careers of the different 
authors, to present their leading characteristics in a few 
sharp, clear lines, and to indicate the great editions of 
the various works ; and, generally, to point out the best 
and most accessible sources of information. The Latin 
section of the department was assigned to Prof. Minton 
Warren, A. B., Ph. D., of Johns Hopkins University, 
and Dr. Alfred Gudeman prepared biographical sketches 
of the great classical scholars of modern times. 

By Prof. Frederick De Forest 
Allen, Ph. D., of Harvard Uni¬ 
versity. 

By Prof. Thomas D. Seymour, 
A. M., of Yale University. 

By Prof. J. R. S. Sterrett, 
Ph. D., of Amherst College. 

59 


Greek Literature. 

Homer. 

Greek Antiquities. 


Roman Antiquities. 


By Prof. George: L. Hendrick¬ 
son, A. B., of the University of 
Wisconsin. 

The department of English Literature was conducted 
by Prof. Henry A. Beers, A. M., of Yale University. 

Other special articles on kindred subjects were_ 

By Prof. Francis Andrew 
March, LL. D., L. H. D., of 
Lafayette College. 

By Thomas Sergeant Perry, 
A. M., author of “English in 
the Eighteenth Century.** 

By Prof. Charles Davidson. 
of Carlyle, Pope, etc., by Prof. 
Henry A. Beers. 

By Prof. Goldwin Smith, 
LL. D., D. C. L., and G. Mer¬ 
cer Adams, including an account of 
the French-Canadian as well as of 
the English Literature of Canada. 
The treatment of the subject of Comparative Litera¬ 
ture, by Arthur R. Marsh, formerly professor in Harvard 
University, is a new feature in 
Literature cyclopaedia-making. His aim was 
to bring foreign literature to our 
very doors in a series of sketches prepared by persons so 
familiar with their subjects that they can give the main 
lines of each foreign literature without wasting words 
60 


Anglo-Saxon 

Literature . 


Novel. 

Miracle-Plays. 

Biographies 


Canadian Literature. 


upon needless or vague descriptions and characterizations. 
His plan also includes a brief biography of every writer of 
real importance and interest in all these foreign literatures, 
the selection of these names and the writing of the biogra¬ 
phies themselves being left, as far as possible, to the 
authorities who have undertaken the preparation of the 
main articles. The bibliographical information which 
follows each article will give the reader an indication of 
the latest discussions of the subject in hand, and enable 
him to supplement the information given, if he so desires. 

In arranging for this department 
Sanskrit and allied literatures were assigned 

to Prof. Charles R. Lanman,P1i.D. 
Indo-Irantan to Prof. A. V. Williams Jack- 

son, A. M., L. H. D,, Ph. D. 
Semitic to Prof. Crawford H. Toy, 

LL. D. 

Assyrian and Chaldee to Prof. David G. Lyon, Ph. D. 
Egyptian to Rev. Charles R. Gillett. 

Chinese, Korean, 

Japanese to Dr. Addison Van Name. 

Arabic to Prof. James R. Jewett, Ph. D. 

German to Pfof. Julius Goebel, ofLeland 

Stanford Junior University. 

Scandinavian to Prof. George Lyman Kit- 

tredge, of Harvard, and Prof. 
Daniel Kilham Dodge, of the 
University of Illinois. 

61 


Catalan 

Italian , Basque , 

Roumanian 


French 

Provencal Literature , 
Humanism , etc. 


to Prof. Thomas F. Crane, of 
Cornell University. 

to Prof. Edward S. Sheldon, of 
Harvard. 

to Prof. Arthur G. Canfield, of 
the University of Kansas. 

By Arthur R. Marsh. 


Ballad Poetry. 


Beast Fables. 

Finnish Language 
and Literature. 


By Prof. Francis J. Child, 
Ph. D., LL. D., of Harvard Uni¬ 
versity. 

By Prof. George Lyman Kit- 
tredge. 

By Prof. Rasmus B. Anderson. 


Attention may here very properly be called to the 
fact that this is the first cyclopaedia published that con¬ 
tains an account of the already extensive and important 
literature of South America, together with notices of the 
most eminent South American writers, both past and 
present. Now that South America is attracting so much 
attention both in the United States and in Europe, this fea¬ 
ture will, it is hoped, be found both useful and inter¬ 
esting. 

Mechanical Engineering. 

The editor of the Department of Mechanical Science, 
Prof. Robert H. Thurston, Doc. Eng., LL. D., director 
of Sibley College, Cornell University, endeavored to pre- 
62 ' 


sent the whole field of Applied Science, as exhibited in the 
mechanical arts, in the simplest, most concise, and most 
complete manner possible, and the history, structure, and 
principles of construction of all important inventions and 
machines, accuracy being secured by obtaining contribu¬ 
tions from acknowledged authorities in each class. Every 
department of manufacturing industry receives attention. 

The very complete article on the 
Steam-Engine, by the late Professor 
Trowbridge, was revised by his successor. Prof. Fred¬ 
erick Remsen Hutton, E. M., Ph. D. Special articles 
have been included on 


Steam-Engine. 


Flying-Machines and D n r 

/ . By Professor Thurston. 

Aeronautics. J 

Medicine and Surgery. 

Medical science has made most remarkable and interest¬ 
ing advances during recent years. There is scarcely any de¬ 
partment of medicine or surgery that has not been pro¬ 
foundly influenced or quite revolutionized by the germ theory 
of disease. The results of the latest investigations were em¬ 
bodied in several articles dealing with this theory and its de¬ 
velopments. The list of specialists secured by Dr. William 
Pepper, M. D., LL. D., the editor of this department, in¬ 
cludes the names of many of the most eminent authorities 
in the United States. All matters pertaining to 

By either Dr. Horatio C. Wood, 
M. D., LL. D., M. N. A. S., or 
by Dr. Hobart A. Hare. 

6 3 


Materia Me die a. 


Veterinary Medicine . 
Anatomy , 

Histology , etc. 

Surgery, 

Tracbeotomy y etc. 
Obstetrics. 

Pathology y etc. 

Leprosy and 
Skin Diseases. 

Anatomy of the Ear. 

Cholera t 

Cancer , 

Bright* s Disease , 
Medical Jurisprudence. 


By Dr. Leonard Pearson. 
By Dr. George A. Piersol. 

By Dr. John Ashhurst, Jr. 

By Dr. Paul F. Munde. 

By Dr. W. T. Councilman. 

By Dr. George H. Fox. 

By Dr. St. John Roosa. 

By Dr. Pepper. 

By Dr. Seneca Egbert. 


Meteorology. 

In Meteorology such changes are introduced as to 
represent its present state, both as a science and an art, 
describing the phenomena named by such new but familiar 
terms as are used in the bulletins of the National and 
State weather bureaus. This, with 
Climatology , was in charge of Prof. Mark W. 

Harrington, A. M., LL. D., 
F.L.S., chief of the U. S. Weather 
Bureau for a number of years. 
Climate , embodying the most recent conclu¬ 

sions on that subject, was written by 
Mark W. Harrington, A. M., 
LL. D., F. L. S., himself. 

64 


Q[ 0 U( j s By Mr. A. Lawrence Rotch, 

of Blue Hill Observatory. 

Military Engineering and the 
Science of War. 

This department was in charge of the late Prof. James 
Mercur, of West Point Military Academy. The ar¬ 
ticles on Tactics, Organization, Fortifications, Arms, 
Armor, Gunnery, etc., were brought up to the present 
time, with indications, when possible, of the directions in 
which future developments may be expected. Articles 
of this nature were placed in the hands of specialists. 

By Gen. Henry L. Abbot. 

By Gen. Alexis Henri Brial- 
mont, of Belgium. 

By Lieut. John C. W. Brooks. 

By Capt. Lawrence L. Bruff. 
By Capt. James M. Ingalls. 

By Major O. H. Ernst. 

By Gen. John C. Tidball. 

The articles on 

By Professor Mercur himself, 

65 


Explosives , 
Torpedo. 

Intrenched Camps. 

Projectiles. 
Machine and 
Rapid-Fire Guns. 
Gunpowder. 

War , Siege , and 

Fortification. 

Ordnance. 

Army, 

Arsenals, 

Brevet, 

Discipline. 


who also wrote or revised many of the articles describing 
battles. New articles are now added on 

Electro-Ballistics, 

Range- Finders, 

Position-Finders. By Lieut. I. N. Lewis, of the 

Board of Ordnance and Fortifica¬ 
tions ; also one on 

Military Insignia. By Lieut. Cornelius De W. 

Willcox, of the Army Bureau of 
Information. 

Mineralogy. 

The Department of Mineralogy was in charge of 
Charles Kirchhoff, M. E., editor of the Iron Age, 
N. Y., who himself has written most of the article. 

By the eminent specialist, Mr. 
Gems and George F. Kunz, gem expert for 

Precious Stones. Tiffany & Co., and also of the 

U. S. Geological Survey. 

Music. 

Of the aesthetic arts. Music was in charge of Mr. 
Dudley Buck, who expunged much that was purely 
technical in the former edition in order to make room 
for many new articles on various musical subjects. 

Navigation. 

The preparation of the articles on Navigation and 
Naval Science was intrusted to Rear-Admiral Stephen B. 
66 


Luce. A few of the articles, showing how widely the 
subject is treated, are— 

By Rear-Admiral Philip Hich- 
born, U. S. Navy. 

By Prof. Philip R. Alger, U. S. 
Navy. 

By Francis T. Bowles, Chief 
Naval Constructor, U. S. Navy. 

By Lieut. George F. W. Hol¬ 
man, U. S. Navy. 

By Lieut.-Commander Charles 
Belknap. 

By William Frederick Du¬ 
rand, Associate Professor of Marine 
Engineering, Cornell University. 

Philosophy and Ethics. 

Dr. William T. Harris, U. S. Commissioner of Edu¬ 
cation, and Prof. J. Mark Baldwin, Ph. D., of Princeton 
University, conducted the depart¬ 
ment of Philosophy and Ethics. 
Dr. Harris took great pains to pre¬ 
sent each topic in the light of its 
historical development, and endeav¬ 
ored to present the more obvious thoughts which the great 
thinkers of the past have left us on the problems of life. 
Under various titles the essential characteristics of the Greek 
and German philosophic movements are indicated. The 

67 


Philosophy, 
Psychology, 
Ethics. 


Ship-Building. 

Armor and Sub- 
Marine Navigation. 

Ships of War. 
Torpedo-Boats. 

Nautical Schools. 

Resistance of Ships, 
Screw Propeller, 
Search-Light. 


Scholastic Philosophy receives additional attention ; and 
the New Psychology, based on observation, and espe¬ 
cially on the study of the functions of the brain and the 
cerebral ganglia, is treated at considerable length. This 
department was more particularly in charge of Professor 
Baldwin, who has now added many new articles. 

Genetic Psychology, 

Genius, 

Hypnotism, 

Ideal Feelings, 

Illusions, 

Imagination, 

Instinct, 

Love, 

Metaphysics, 

Muscle-Sense, 

Pain and Pleasure, 

Perception, By Prof. J. Mark Baldwin. 

Psychology, 

Psychometry, 

Psycho-Physics, 

Self- Consciousness, 

Sensation, 

Sentiment, 

Suggestions, 

Suicide, 

Thought, 

Will. 


Induction. 

Epistemology, or the 
Theory of Knowledge. 


By Prof. Alexander Thomas 


Ormond, of Princeton University. 
By Prof. J. Mark Baldwin. 


68 


Moral Philosophy. 
Memory. 

Symbolic Logic. 


Hindu Philosophy. 


Mimansa , 
Nyaya , 
Sankhya , 

Vaiceshika, 
Vcdanta , 
Toga. 


By Prof. John Dewey, of the 
University of Chicago. 

By Prof. James McK. Cattell, 
of Columbia University. 

By Prof. George Bruce Hal¬ 
stead, of the University of Texas. 

Attention is called to Dr. Har¬ 
ris’s fine article on this subject, and 
to the splendid series of six articles 
by Prof. Richard Garbe, of Ko- 
nigsberg, on the six darshanas, or 
schools of Hindu philosophy, viz.: 


Physical Geography. 

Physical Geography, which was united with Geology, 
under the charge of Grove K. Gilbert, M. N. A. S., 
chief geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey, was so 
arranged as to distribute the material under the titles or 
its important divisions. Among articles in this depart¬ 
ment that may be mentioned are those on— 


Earthy EarthquakeSy 
VaHeySy Mountains , 
Vilcanoes. 


By the Associate Editor, Grove 
K. Gilbert, M. N. A. S. 

69 


By William M. Davis, M. E., 
Professor of Physical Geography in 
Harvard University. 

By William D. Hall, A. M., 
formerly in charge for many years 
of explorations and surveys by the 
U. S. Coast Survey. 

By Arnold Hague, M.N.A.S., 
of the U. S. Geological Survey. 

By Mr. Thomas Russell, of the 
U. S. Weather Bureau, in charge 
of river-flood predictions. 

Physics. 

In General Physics the department was in charge of 
Edward L. Nichols, B. S., Ph. D., Professor of Physics 
in Cornell University, who prepared at least two hundred 
new articles on Electricity and its applications. Among 
the more elaborate articles in this 
department may be mentioned 
Electricity. Electric Lighting, Electric 

D ischarge. Induction Coil, 
Lightning, Lightning-Rods, Vol¬ 
tameter, etc. Other important articles by Professor 
Nichols are : Hygrometer, Ice, Interference, Labora¬ 
tory, Liquids, Liquefaction of Gases, Pneumatics, 
Polarization, Radiometer, Spectroscope, Spectrum, 
Thermometer, etc. 


GlacierSy Ocean, 
Lakes, Rivers. 

Gulf Stream, 

Kuro Sizvo, 
Deep-Sea 

Explorations. 

Thermal Springs. 
Floods. 


70 


Electric Railways 
and Electric Motors. 


Fluorescence. 


Magnetism and 
Transformers. 

Terrestrial 

Magnetism. 

Thermodynamics. 

Refraction of Sound, 
Safety-Lamps, 
Stereoscope, Strobo¬ 
scope, Visions, etc. 

Thermo- Electricity 
Units, Wattmeters. 

Waves. 

Chronophotography, 
Kathode Rays, 
Liquefaction of Hy¬ 
drogen, Liquid Air, 
Luminescence, 
Radiation, Standard 
of Light, Storage 
Batteries, and X Rays. 
Telegraphy 

without Wires. 


By Prof. Harris J. Ryan, E.M., 
of Cornell University. 

By Pres. Henry Morton, 
Ph. D., M. N. A. S., of the Ste¬ 
vens Institute, Hoboken, N. J. 

By Prof. Frederick Bedell, 
Ph. D., of Cornell University. 

By Prof. Frank H. Bigelow, 
A. M., of the U. S. Weather 
Bureau. 

By Prof. Ernest G. Merritt, 
M. E., of Cornell University. 

By Prof. W. LeConte Ste¬ 
vens, Ph. D., of the Rensselaer 
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. 

By Prof. Henry S. Carhart, A. 
M., of the University of Michigan. 

By Prof. Joseph S. Ames, Ph. 
D., of Johns Hopkins University. 


By Prof. Edward L. Nichols, 
B. S., Ph. D., of Cornell Uni¬ 
versity. 

By Prof. Ernest G. Merritt, 
M. E. 

7 1 


By William S. Franklin, M. 
Sc., Professor of Physics, Lehigh 
University. 

By Oscar Milton Stewart, 
Ph. D., Instructor in Physics, Cor¬ 
nell University. 

By Erasmus D. Preston, of the 
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

And many other articles pre¬ 
pared by Prof. Ogden N. Rood, 
LL. D. 

Politics. 

In the field of politics, while numerous articles on 
questions involving matters of a partisan nature were in¬ 
trusted to eminent representatives of the several parties, 
political topics of a non-partisan nature were written by 
scholars thoroughly versed in what may be called the 
science of comparative politics. In accordance with this 
method, such articles as those on 

Democratic Party , 

Republican Party , 

Free Trade, 

Protection , 

Reciprocity , etc. , are written by persons advocating 

these doctrines, while such arti¬ 
cles as 


Transmission of 

Power. 

Uranium Rays. 

Force of Gravity. 
Acoustics. 


Caucus , 

Ballot Reform , 

Civil-Service Reform , 

Representative 

Government , and other topics of a kindred nature, 

are treated by scholars who ap¬ 
proach the subject from a non-par¬ 
tisan point of view. An effort 
has thus been made to give to this 
particular department of the Cyclo¬ 
paedia the exceptional strength that 
must be called for by the present 
state of political science. Prom¬ 
inent among these articles may be 
mentioned— 


Government , 

Political Parties. 


By the Editor-in-chief. 


Ballot Reform. 

Civil-Service 

Reform. 

Prohibition and 
Prohibition Party. 
Free Trade. 


By Prof. J. W. Jenks, A. M., 
Ph. D., of Cornell University. 

By Dorman B. Eatan, LL.D., 
and Theodore Roosevelt. 

By Miss Frances E. Willard. 

By the Hon. David A. Wells. 


Theology. 

It has always been the policy of the editors of this 
Cyclopaedia to hold the balance fairly in controverted 
matters, and to be impartial in every way. In no de- 
73 


partment has this policy been more rigorously carried out 
than in that which relates to religious belief and Church 
polity. In the last remaking the 

General venerable Dr. Philip Schaff, of 

Church History and TT . ^ 

Baikal Literature. Unlon Theolo S lcal Semmary, 

New York, at first had charge of 

General Church History and Biblical Literature, and the 
Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, LL. D., Professor of 
Church History in New York University, took charge 
after Dr. Schaff’s death. Seven other associate editors 
had charge of the History, Polity, and Dogmatics of as 
many sections of the Christian Church, and a bare list of 
their names is a sufficient indication of the strength of the 
Cyclopaedia in theological and ecclesiastical matters. For 
the sake of completeness they are here given in alpha¬ 
betical order : Willis J. Beecher, D. D., Professor of 
Hebrew Language and Literature in Auburn Theological 
Seminary ; George P. Fisher, D. D., LL. D., Professor 
of Church History in Yale Uni¬ 
versity ; John F. Hurst, D. D., 
LL. D., Bishop in the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, and Chancellor 
of the American University, Wash¬ 
ington, D. C. ; Henry E. Jacobs, 
D. D., LL. D., Professor of 
Church History in the Evangelical 
Lutheran Theological Seminary, Mt. Airy, Philadelphia ; 
John J. Keane, D. D., Bishop in the Roman Catholic 
74 


Presbyterians , 
Congregationalists , 
Methodists , 

Luther ansy 
Catholics , 
EpiscopalianSy 
Baptists. 


Church, and Rector of the Catholic University of America; 
William Stevens Perry, D. D., (Oxon.), LL. D., late 
Bishop in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the U. S., 
Davenport, Iowa ; William H. Whitsitt, D. D., formerly 
Professor of Church History in the Baptist Theological 
Seminary, Louisville, Ky. All the other denominations 
were fully treated. 


Unitarianism , 
Universalism. 

Disciples of Christ. 


Mormon Church. 

The Friends. 

Christian Endeavor. 
The Salvation Army. 


By Rev. John W. Chadwick, 
of Brooklyn, N. Y. 

By Rev. James Harvey Garri¬ 
son, D.D., Editor of the Christian 
Evangelist, St. Louis, Mo. 

By Mr. Byron Groo, of the 
Salt Lake Herald. 

By Prof. Francis Barton Gum- 
mere, of Haverford College. 

By Rev. Francis E. Clark. 

By R. de L. Booth-Tucker. 


United States and Canadian Towns. 

APPLETONS’ UNIVERSAL CYCLOPEDIA 
AND ATLAS is notably full in its treatment of U. S. 
towns and cities. The articles dealing with these have 
been revised by persons on the spot and familiar with the 
localities they describe. 

Canadian towns and villages have also been included 
and the most recent census returns of population, manufac¬ 
tures, etc., have been fully utilized. 

75 


Zoology. 

The department of Zoology and Animal Physiology 
was in charge of President David Starr Jordan, LL. D., 
of the Leland Stanford Junior University, California. An 
effort was made to avoid as far as possible all strictly 
technical terms and to adapt all discussions and descrip¬ 
tions to those who have not been trained in zoological 
sciences. 

Comparative By the late Prof. Edward Drink- 

Anatomy. er Cope, Ph. D., M. N. A. S. 

President Jordan had the assist¬ 
ance of Prof. Charles Henry Gil¬ 
bert, Ph. D., in general zoology; 
of Prof. Oliver P. Jenkins, Ph. D., 
in several physiological and anatom¬ 
ical subjects; of Prof. John Ster¬ 
ling Kingsley, of Tufts College, on 

Insects , Crustacea, 

Worms , and 
Invertebrate Zoology . 



Mr. Frederic A. Lucas, a cu¬ 
rator in the U. S. National Mu¬ 

Fisheries , 

seum in Washington, on 

Birds , 

such as Auk, Capercailzie, and 
Dodo, and on many other sub¬ 

Armadillo, 

Crocodile, 

jects—e. g.. 


76 


Elephanty 
Taxidermy , 

Zoological Geography. 


Miscellaneous. 


A very large number of miscellaneous articles which 
do not come within the scope of any of the editorial 
departments were arranged for by the Editor-in-chief, 
with the assistance of Prof. Charles H. Thurber, M. A., 
of the University of Chicago. Among these may be 
mentioned such subjects as games and sports. 

By Prof. A. Alonzo Stagg, for¬ 
merly of Yale, now of University 
of Chicago. 

By Prof. Francis Barton Gum- 
mere, A. B., Ph. D., of Haverford 
College. 

By Prof. Dudley Allen Sar¬ 
gent, A. M., M. D. 


Baseball and 
Football. 


Cricket. 


Physical Education. 


Curling. 

Chess. 

Whist. 

Lacrosse t 

Lawn- Tennis y 

Croquety 

Golfy etc. 

Cookery. 

Dress. 


By the Hon. John Johnson, 
Milwaukee, Wis. 

By William Steinitz. 

By R. F. Foster. 

By others equally well qualified. 

By Miss Maria Parloa. 

By Mrs. Jenness-Miller. 

77 


L.ofC. 


Preservation of Food. 
Clubs. 

College Fraternities. 
Charity Organization. 
Women's Rights. 


By Marion Harland. 

By Hobart Chatfield Chat- 
field-Taylor. 

By William Raimond Baird, of 

New York. 

By Charles D. Kellogg. 

By Susan B. Anthony and 
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, etc. 


7 8 


Outlines of Subject-Matter Treated in 
Appletons’ Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas. 

GROUP FIRST. 

Mathematics, Physical Sciences, and 
Descriptive Geography. 

1 Mathematics: 

Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, 
Analytics, Calculus. 

2 Physical Sciences: 

Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Geol¬ 
ogy, Physical Geography, Meteorology, and Clima¬ 
tology. 

3 Descriptive or Political Geography: 

Grand Divisions, Countries, Provinces, States, Cities, 
and Towns, with maps of each. 

GROUP SECOND. 

Biological Sciences. 

1 Zoology: 

Embryology, Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, 
Histology, Palaeontology, Anthropology and Ethnol¬ 
ogy, Descriptive Zoology, Zoological Geography. 

2 Botany: 

Plant Embryology, Botany and Plant Classification, 
Vegetable Kingdom, Plant Palaeontology, Descrip¬ 
tive Botany, Geographical Botany. 

79 


GROUP THIRD. 


Language and Literature. 

1 Families of Languages : ' 

Indo-European Languages and Literature. 

Turanian Languages and Literature. 

Agglutinated Languages and Literature. 

Semitic Languages and Literature. 

Hamitic Languages and Literature. 

African Languages and Literature. 

Basque Languages and Literature. 

Indians of N. A., S. A., and C. A. Languages. 

2 English Language . 

3 English and American Literature. 

GROUP FOURTH. 

Mythology. 

North American, South American, Egyptian, Scan¬ 
dinavian, Teutonic, Chinese, Roman, Greek. 

GROUP FIFTH. 

1 History: 

Prehistoric Man. 

Ancient History : The Oriental Nations. 

Medieval History : Western Nations. 

Modern History of all Countries. 

2 Civics: 

Theory of Government. 

Applied Civics. 


8o 


3 Politics: 

As a Science and an Art. 

Politicians and Statesmen. 

GROUP SIXTH. 

Economics. 

Sociology, Trade and Transportation, Finance and 
Exchange, Political Economy. 

GROUP SEVENTH. 

Mechanic Arts and Applied Sciences. 

Agriculture, Fisheries, Quarrying, Lumbering, Mining, 
Metallurgy, Navigation. 

Manufacturing: 

Machinery, Textiles, Foods^ Structural Materials, 
Chemicals, Arts of Design. 

Engineering: 

Mining, Civil, Military (War as a Science). 
GROUP EIGHTH. 

Fine Arts. 

1 Music: 

Science of. Musical Instruments, 

Composers and Conductors, 

Instrumental and Vocal Artists. 

2 Painting: 

History, Schools of. Modern Painters. 

81 


3 Sculpture. 

4 Architecture as a Fine Art. 

5 Decorative Art. 

6 Acting. 

7 Oratory. 

GROUP NINTH. 

Sports, Games, Pastimes, Fashions and Customs of 
Mankind. 


GROUP TENTH. 

Medicine and Surgery. 

1 Human Anatomy and Physiology. 

2 Pathology. 

3 Therapeutics. 

4 Hygiene and Sanitation. 

5 Surgery. 

6 Dentistry. 

7 VHer inary Science. 

8 History of Medicine and Surgery. 

9 Medical Biographies. 

GROUP ELEVENTH. 

1 Law in General. 

2 Municipal Law. 

3 Constitutional Law. 

4 International Law. 

5 Admiralty Law. 

6 Foreign and Hictoric Law. 

82 


GROUP TWELFTH. 

Pedagogics. 

1 Educational Psychology. 

2 History of Educational. Development. 

3 Systems of Education , School , College y University. 

GROUP THIRTEENTH. 

Philosophy and Ethics. 

1 History of Philosophy. 

2 Philosophical Systems , Rational Psychology , and Logic. 

3 Ethics and Ethical Systems. 

GROUP FOURTEENTH. 

Theology, Religions, Church History, 
Church Societies. 

1 The Bible: 

Its Books, Translations, etc. 

Biblical Persons. 

Biblical Places and Events. 

2 Religions: 

Monotheistic : 

Jewish. 

Mohammedan. 

Christian. 

Early Church. 

83 


Roman Catholic. 
Greek Church. 
Protestant. 
Polytheistic : 

Ancient. 

Modern. 

3 Biography and Bibliography. 

4 Miscellaneous Religious Topics. 


8 + 










. I ■ 

NOV 13 1902 

































































